Pennsylvania Drug Rehab Information

(215) 426-1992 A and O Recovery Services Inc Rehab Philadelphia Info: A and O Recovery Services Inc Rehab

(570) 455-9222 A Better Today Inc Rehab Hazleton Info: A Better Today Inc Rehab

(570) 344-1444 A Better Today Inc Scranton Rehab Scranton Info: A Better Today Inc Scranton Rehab

(570) 265-6700 A Better Today Inc Towanda Rehab Towanda Info: A Better Today Inc Towanda Rehab

(724) 228-2203 Abstinent Living at the Turning Point Rehab Washington www.abstinentliving.com
Info: Abstinent Living at the Turning Point Re

(215) 276-8400x2601 Achievement Through Counseling and Trt ACT I Rehab Philadelphia www.jevs.org
Info: Achievement Through Counseling and Trt A

(215) 236-0100 Achievement Through Counseling and Trt ACT II Rehab Philadelphia www.jevs.org
Info: Achievement Through Counseling and Trt A

(717) 632-4900x2100 Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc Hanover Rehab Hanover www.ahcsinc.com
Info: Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc Ha

(717) 334-9111 Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc Rehab Gettysburg www.ahcsinc.com
Info: Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc Re

(717) 235-0199 Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc Shrewsbury Rehab Shrewsbury www.ahcsinc.com
Info: Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc Sh

(717) 843-0800 Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc York Rehab York www.ahcsinc.com
Info: Adams Hanover Counseling Services Inc Yo

(215) 923-4202 Addiction Medicine and Health Advocates Inc Rehab Philadelphia www.amhainc.org
Info: Addiction Medicine and Health Advocates

(717) 394-7160 Addiction Recovery Systems Lancaster Rehab Lancaster www.arslanco.com
Info: Addiction Recovery Systems Lancaster Reh

(724) 437-2776 Addiction Specialists Rehab Uniontown www.addictionspecialiststx.com
Info: Addiction Specialists Rehab

(412) 731-2353 Addison Behavioral Care Inc Rehab Pittsburgh www.abcpgh.org
Info: Addison Behavioral Care Inc Rehab

(814) 362-6517 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Bradford Unit Rehab Bradford www.adasonline.org
Info: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Bradford

(814) 642-9541 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Inc Port Allegany Port Allegany Rehab Port Allegany adasonline.org
Info: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Inc Port

(814) 642-9522 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Inc Port Allegany Rehab Port Allegany www.adasonline.org
Info: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Inc Port

(814) 486-0653 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Inc Rehab Emporium www.adasonline.org
Info: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Inc Reha

(814) 837-7691 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Kane Unit Rehab Kane adasonline.org
Info: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Kane Uni

(814) 781-1700 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Saint Marys Unit Rehab Saint Marys www.adasonline.org
Info: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Saint Ma

(215) 642-3230 Aldie Counseling Center Langhorne Rehab Langhorne www.aldie.org
Info: Aldie Counseling Center Langhorne Rehab

(215) 345-8530x110 Aldie Counseling Center Rehab Doylestown www.aldie.org
Info: Aldie Counseling Center Rehab

(412) 488-6360x117 Alliance Medical Services Ensign II Rehab Pittsburgh www.pinnacletreatment.com
Info: Alliance Medical Services Ensign II Reha

(814) 269-4700 Alliance Medical Services Johnstown Rehab Johnstown www.pinnacletreatment.com
Info: Alliance Medical Services Johnstown Reha

(412) 488-6360 Alliance Medical Services Pittsburgh Rehab Pittsburgh www.alliancemedical.biz/
Info: Alliance Medical Services Pittsburgh Reh

(412) 363-4220 Alpha House Inc Rehab Pittsburgh www.alphahouseinc.org
Info: Alpha House Inc Rehab

(610) 970-9060 Alternative Counseling Associates Rehab Pottstown Info: Alternative Counseling Associates Rehab

(814) 946-2141 Altoona Regional Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Services Rehab Altoona www.altoonaregional.org
Info: Altoona Regional Mental Health and Drug

(717) 272-7897 Another Chance Counseling Rehab Lebanon Info: Another Chance Counseling Rehab

(800) 323-1333 ARC Manor Addiction Recovery Center Rehab Clarion Info: ARC Manor Addiction Recovery Center Reha

(724) 548-7607 Armstrong County Council on Alc and Other Drugs ARC Manor Rehab Kittanning www.arcmanor.org
Info: Armstrong County Council on Alc and Othe

(412) 673-5800 Auberle Rehab McKeesport www.auberle.org
Info: Auberle Rehab

(814) 444-9696 Beal Counseling and Consulting Rehab Somerset www.bealcounseling.com
Info: Beal Counseling and Consulting Rehab

(610) 373-4281x283 Berks Counseling Center Inc Rehab Reading www.berkscc.org
Info: Berks Counseling Center Inc Rehab

(610) 268-3588 Bowling Green Inn Brandywine Rehab Kennett Square www.bowlinggreenbrandywine.com
Info: Bowling Green Inn Brandywine Rehab

(800) 446-2583 Bradford Recovery Systems Bradford Regional Medical Center Rehab Bradford www.brmc.com
Info: Bradford Recovery Systems Bradford Regio

(215) 529-9998 Bucks County Counseling Rehab Quakertown Info: Bucks County Counseling Rehab

(724) 284-4357 Butler Regional Recovery Program Butler Memorial Hospital Rehab Butler www.butlerhealthsystem.org
Info: Butler Regional Recovery Program Butler

(724) 284-4894 Butler Regional Recovery Program Family Resource Center Rehab Butler www.butlerhealthsystem.org
Info: Butler Regional Recovery Program Family

(610) 377-5177 Carbon Monroe Pike Drug and Alcohol Commission Inc-Carbon County Clinic Rehab Lehighton www.cmpda.cog.pa.us
Info: Carbon Monroe Pike Drug and Alcohol Comm

(724) 228-2200 Care Center Inc Rehab Washington www.sphs.org
Info: Care Center Inc Rehab

(215) 967-2130 Caring Together Addictions and Mental Health Program for Women Rehab Philadelphia www.drexelmed.edu/caringtogether
Info: Caring Together Addictions and Mental He

(800) 678-2332 Caron Counseling Services Rehab Wyomissing www.caron.org
Info: Caron Counseling Services Rehab

(610) 678-2332 Caron Treatment Centers Adolescent Treatment Center Rehab Wernersville www.caron.org
Info: Caron Treatment Centers Adolescent Treat

(800) 678-2332 Caron Treatment Centers Adult Primary Care Services Rehab Wernersville www.caron.org
Info: Caron Treatment Centers Adult Primary Ca

(215) 362-8422 Carson Valley Childrens Aid Rehab Colmar www.cvca-pa.org
Info: Carson Valley Childrens Aid Rehab

(215) 634-3259 Casa de ConseJeria Drug and Alcohol Co Rehab Philadelphia www.ccsicares.org
Info: Casa de ConseJeria Drug and Alcohol Co R

(814) 456-2091 Catholic Charities And Counseling Adop Rehab Erie www.cccas.org
Info: Catholic Charities And Counseling Adop R

(724) 228-7722 Catholic Charities Diocese PGH Outpatient Rehab Washington www.ccpgh.org
Info: Catholic Charities Diocese PGH Outpatien

(570) 296-1054 Catholic Social Services Rehab Milford www.cssdioceseofscranton.org
Info: Catholic Social Services Rehab

(610) 344-0554 CeJa Counseling Service Rehab Oxford Info: CeJa Counseling Service Rehab

(484) 476-6543 Center for Addictive Diseases Main Line Rehab Drexel Hill www.mainlinehealth.org
Info: Center for Addictive Diseases Main Line

(484) 565-1130 Center for Addictive Diseases Rehab Exton www.mainlinehealth.org
Info: Center for Addictive Diseases Rehab

(610) 988-8070 Center for Mental Health West Reading Rehab West Reading www.readinghospital.org
Info: Center for Mental Health West Reading Re

(610) 988-8070 Center for Mental Healthcare Birdsboro Memorial Community Center Rehab Birdsboro www.readinghospital.org
Info: Center for Mental Healthcare Birdsboro M

(412) 246-5910 Center for Psychiatric and Chemical Dependency Services WPIC Rehab Pittsburgh Info: Center for Psychiatric and Chemical Depe

(412) 675-8516 Center for Substance Abuse Rehab McKeesport www.mycs.org
Info: Center for Substance Abuse Rehab

(610) 279-9270 Central Montgomery MH MR Center Substance Abuse Services Rehab Norristown www.centralmhmr.org
Info: Central Montgomery MH MR Center Substanc

(814) 861-2055 Centre Counseling Associates Rehab State College Info: Centre Counseling Associates Rehab

(610) 933-8880x26 Chester Counseling Center Rehab Phoenixville berkscc.org
Info: Chester Counseling Center Rehab

(484) 454-8700 Child Guidance Resource Centers Rehab Havertown www.cgrc.org
Info: Child Guidance Resource Centers Rehab

(717) 852-8169 Childrens Home of York STRIVE Rehab York www.childrenshomeofyork.org
Info: Childrens Home of York STRIVE Rehab

(570) 408-9320 Choices Program of Wyoming Valley Wilkes-Barre Behavioral Hosp Co Rehab Wilkes Barre www.bhswv.org
Info: Choices Program of Wyoming Valley Wilkes

(717) 225-3906 Clarity Way Inc Rehab Hanover www.clarityway.com
Info: Clarity Way Inc Rehab

(570) 864-3116 Clear Brook Lodge Rehab Shickshinny www.clearbrookinc.com
Info: Clear Brook Lodge Rehab

(717) 242-3070 Clear Concepts Counseling Lewistown Rehab Lewistown www.clearconceptscounseling.com
Info: Clear Concepts Counseling Lewistown Reha

(717) 436-9634 Clear Concepts Counseling Mifflintown Rehab Mifflintown www.clearconceptscounseling.com
Info: Clear Concepts Counseling Mifflintown Re

(814) 355-7629 Clear Concepts Counseling Rehab Bellefonte www.clearconceptscounseling.com
Info: Clear Concepts Counseling Rehab

(570) 823-1171 Clearbrook Manor Rehab Wilkes Barre www.clearbrookinc.com
Info: Clearbrook Manor Rehab

(814) 371-1100 Clearfield Jefferson Community MH Drug Alc Otpt Program Rehab Du Bois www.cj-cmhc.com
Info: Clearfield Jefferson Community MH Drug A

(814) 765-5337 Clearfield Jefferson Community MHl Drug Alc Otpt Program Rehab Clearfield Info: Clearfield Jefferson Community MHl Drug

(570) 288-0403 Clem Mar House For Men Rehab Edwardsville www.clemmarhouse.org
Info: Clem Mar House For Men Rehab

(570) 674-1575 Clem Mar House For Women Rehab Dallas www.clemmarhouse.org
Info: Clem Mar House For Women Rehab

(570) 628-6990 Clinical Outcomes Group Inc Rehab Pottsville Info: Clinical Outcomes Group Inc Rehab

(610) 466-9250 Coatesville Treatment Center Rehab Coatesville www.crchealth.com
Info: Coatesville Treatment Center Rehab

(717) 792-9702 Colonial House Inc Rehab York www.colonialhouseinc.com
Info: Colonial House Inc Rehab

(717) 843-8444 Colonial House Outpatient Rehab York www.colonialhouseinc.com
Info: Colonial House Outpatient Rehab

(717) 792-9702x129 Colonial House Residential Program Rehab York www.colonialhouseinc.com
Info: Colonial House Residential Program Rehab

(215) 348-8881 Community Service Foundation Buxmont Academy Bethlehem Rehab Bethlehem www.csfbuxmont.org
Info: Community Service Foundation Buxmont Aca

(215) 348-8881 Community Service Foundation Buxmont Academy Lansdale Rehab Lansdale www.csfbuxmont.org
Info: Community Service Foundation Buxmont Aca

(215) 348-8881 Community Service Foundation Buxmont Academy Upper Providence Rehab Phoenixville www.csfbuxmont.org
Info: Community Service Foundation Buxmont Aca

(215) 348-8881 Community Service Foundation Inc Rehab Feasterville www.csfbuxmont.org
Info: Community Service Foundation Inc Rehab

(215) 348-8881 Community Service Foundation Inc Sellersville Rehab Sellersville www.csfbuxmont.org
Info: Community Service Foundation Inc Sellers

(717) 533-0428 Conewago Place Inpatient Rehab Hummelstown www.firetree.com
Info: Conewago Place Inpatient Rehab

(215) 763-8870x1001 Congreso de Latinos Unidos Programa Horizontes Rehab Philadelphia www.congreso.net
Info: Congreso de Latinos Unidos Programa Hori

(215) 596-8054x1203 Consortium Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Program Rehab Philadelphia www.consortium-inc.org
Info: Consortium Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Pro

(215) 342-7660x2677 Cora Services Community Services Division Rehab Philadelphia www.coraservices.com
Info: Cora Services Community Services Divisio

(717) 632-6555 Cornerstone Counseling and Education Services Rehab Hanover Info: Cornerstone Counseling and Education Ser

(610) 437-0801x302 Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Rehab Allentown Info: Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Rehab

(814) 452-2991 Cove Forge Behavioral Health System Division of White Deer Run Inc Rehab Erie www.whitedeerrun.com
Info: Cove Forge Behavioral Health System Divi

(800) 873-2131 Cove Forge Behavorial Health System Rehab Williamsburg www.crchealth.com
Info: Cove Forge Behavorial Health System Reha

(814) 539-0836 Cove Forge Renewal Center at Johnstown Rehab Johnstown www.whitedeerrun.com
Info: Cove Forge Renewal Center at Johnstown R

(570) 629-7081 Cranford Group Rehab Effort www.cranfordgroupllc.com
Info: Cranford Group Rehab

(814) 724-4100 Crawford County Drug and Alcohol Executive Commission Inc Rehab Meadville www.ccdaec.org
Info: Crawford County Drug and Alcohol Executi

(610) 327-1503 Creative Health Services Drug and Alcohol Outpatient Rehab Pottstown www.creativehs.org
Info: Creative Health Services Drug and Alcoho

(570) 323-7535 Crossroads Counseling Inc Rehab Williamsport www.crossroadscounselinginc.com
Info: Crossroads Counseling Inc Rehab

(717) 230-9898 Daystar Center for Spiritual Recovery Rehab Harrisburg www.daystarcenter.net
Info: Daystar Center for Spiritual Recovery Re

(814) 827-3467 Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Deerfield Behavioral Health Inc Rehab Titusville Info: Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Dee

(814) 723-8120 Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Deerfield Behavioral Health of Warren Rehab Warren Info: Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Dee

(814) 723-8120 Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Drug and Alcohol Program Marienville Rehab Marienville Info: Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Dru

(814) 723-8120 Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Rehab Tionesta Info: Deerfield Centers for Addictions Trt Reh

(814) 878-2103 Deerfield Dual Diagnosis Rehab Erie Info: Deerfield Dual Diagnosis Rehab

(215) 324-4424 Delaware Valley Rehab and Detox Center Rehab Philadelphia Info: Delaware Valley Rehab and Detox Center R

(610) 384-7711 Dept of Veterans Affairs Medical Ctr Rehab Coatesville www.coatesville.med.va.gov/
Info: Dept of Veterans Affairs Medical Ctr Reh

(610) 678-1391 Developing Apex Inc Rehab Wyomissing www.developingapex.com
Info: Developing Apex Inc Rehab

(814) 944-7000 Discovery House BC Inc Rehab Duncansville www.discoveryhouse.com
Info: Discovery House BC Inc Rehab

(814) 768-7575 Discovery House Clearfield Rehab Clearfield www.discoveryhouse.com
Info: Discovery House Clearfield Rehab

(724) 779-2010 Discovery House Cranberry Township Rehab Cranberry Township www.discoveryhouse.com
Info: Discovery House Cranberry Township Rehab

(717) 233-7290 Discovery House Harrisburg Rehab Harrisburg www.discoveryhouse.com
Info: Discovery House Harrisburg Rehab

(215) 947-4100 Discovery House Huntingdon Valley Rehab Huntingdon Valley www.discoveryhouse.com
Info: Discovery House Huntingdon Valley Rehab

(724) 598-7999 Discovery House NC Inc Rehab New Castle www.discoveryhouse.com
Info: Discovery House NC Inc Rehab

(724) 981-9815 Discovery House NPA Rehab Farrell www.discoveryhouse.com/home/wletter.aspx
Info: Discovery House NPA Rehab

(412) 661-9222 Discovery House PA Rehab Pittsburgh www.discoveryhouse.com
Info: Discovery House PA Rehab

(814) 204-0059 Dolminis Rehab Altoona www.pyramidhealthcapa.com
Info: Dolminis Rehab

(215) 919-8614 Dorothea Leicher Rehab Philadelphia www.dleicher.com
Info: Dorothea Leicher Rehab

(215) 456-2701 Dr Warren E Smith Health Centers Rehab Philadelphia www.drwes.org
Info: Dr Warren E Smith Health Centers Rehab

(717) 393-0573 Drug and Alcohol Rehab Service Manos House Rehab Lancaster www.manoshouse.com
Info: Drug and Alcohol Rehab Service Manos Hou

(724) 728-8220 Drug and Alcohol Services of Beaver Valley Inc Rehab Vanport Info: Drug and Alcohol Services of Beaver Vall

(570) 344-3877 Drug and Alcohol Treatment Service Outpatient Services Rehab Scranton Info: Drug and Alcohol Treatment Service Outpa

(610) 539-6000 Eagleville Hospital Rehab Eagleville www.eaglevillehospital.org
Info: Eagleville Hospital Rehab

(724) 256-8882 Ellen O'Brien Gaiser Addiction Center Rehab Butler www.gaisercenter.com
Info: Ellen O'Brien Gaiser Addiction Center Re

(814) 459-0817 Esper Treatment Center Rehab Erie Info: Esper Treatment Center Rehab

(717) 238-6343 Evergreen House of Catholic Charities Rehab Harrisburg www.hbgdiocese.org
Info: Evergreen House of Catholic Charities Re

(215) 487-4000x4000 Fairmount Behavioral Health System Rehab Philadelphia www.fairmountbhs.com
Info: Fairmount Behavioral Health System Rehab

(724) 763-7600 Family ACTS Incorporated Rehab Ford City Info: Family ACTS Incorporated Rehab

(610) 626-5800 Family and Community Service of Delaware County Clifton Heights Rehab Clifton Heights www.fcsdc.org
Info: Family and Community Service of Delaware

(610) 566-7540 Family and Community Service of Delaware County Media Rehab Media www.fcsdc.org
Info: Family and Community Service of Delaware

(215) 955-8577 Family Center of Thomas Jefferson Univ Specialized Program for Preg Women Rehab Philadelphia www.jefferson.edu
Info: Family Center of Thomas Jefferson Univ S

(610) 898-0097 Family Guidance Center Rehab Wyomissing www.familyguidancecenter.com
Info: Family Guidance Center Rehab

(610) 278-0700 Family House Norristown Rehab Norristown www.rhd.org
Info: Family House Norristown Rehab

(215) 878-8616 Family House Now Rehab Philadelphia www.rhd.org
Info: Family House Now Rehab

(215) 596-8300 Family in Recovery Program Word 1 Rehab Philadelphia www.consortium-inc.org
Info: Family in Recovery Program Word 1 Rehab

(412) 924-0300 Family Links Family Treatment Center Rehab Pittsburgh www.familylinks.org
Info: Family Links Family Treatment Center Reh

(412) 661-1800 Family Links Rehab Pittsburgh www.familylinks.org
Info: Family Links Rehab

(215) 345-0550 Family Service Assoc of Bucks County Georgetown Commons Rehab Doylestown www.fsabc.org
Info: Family Service Assoc of Bucks County Geo

(215) 757-6916 Family Service Assoc of Bucks County Rehab Langhorne www.fsabc.org
Info: Family Service Assoc of Bucks County Reh

(814) 432-3466 Family Services and Childrens Aid Society Rehab Franklin www.fscas.org
Info: Family Services and Childrens Aid Societ

(724) 226-0664 Family Services of Western PA Rehab Tarentum www.fswp.org
Info: Family Services of Western PA Rehab

(814) 677-4005 Family Servs and Childrens Aid Society Rehab Oil City Info: Family Servs and Childrens Aid Society R

(412) 381-8230 Familylinks Family Treatment Center Rehab Pittsburgh www.familylinks.org
Info: Familylinks Family Treatment Center Reha

(724) 438-3576x141 Fayette County Drug and Alcohol Commission Inc Rehab Uniontown www.fcdaa.org
Info: Fayette County Drug and Alcohol Commissi

(610) 566-4330 Focus Psychological Associates Inc Rehab Media www.focus-psych.com
Info: Focus Psychological Associates Inc Rehab

(724) 431-2006 Foundations Medical Services Rehab Butler Info: Foundations Medical Services Rehab

(412) 221-1091 Freedom Healthcare Services Rehab Bridgeville www.freedomtreatment.com
Info: Freedom Healthcare Services Rehab

(717) 285-2300 Gate House for Women Rehab Mountville www.gatehouse.org
Info: Gate House for Women Rehab

(412) 963-7077 Gateway Allegheny Valley Rehab Pittsburgh www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Allegheny Valley Rehab

(412) 928-5940 Gateway Greentree Rehab Pittsburgh www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Greentree Rehab

(724) 846-6145 Gateway Moffett House Rehab Beaver Falls www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Moffett House Rehab

(412) 373-2234 Gateway Monroeville Rehab Monroeville www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Monroeville Rehab

(724) 776-4844 Gateway North Hills Rehab Cranberry Township www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway North Hills Rehab

(412) 466-7734 Gateway Pleasant Hills Rehab West Mifflin www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Pleasant Hills Rehab

(724) 876-0480 Gateway Rehabilitation Center Baden Rehab Baden www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Rehabilitation Center Baden Reha

(412) 221-9480 Gateway Rehabilitation Center Liberty Station Rehab Bridgeville www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Rehabilitation Center Liberty St

(412) 766-8700x1101 Gateway Rehabilitation Center Rehab Aliquippa www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Rehabilitation Center Rehab

(724) 941-4126 Gateway South Rehab Canonsburg www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway South Rehab

(412) 697-0928 Gateway Squirrel Hill Rehab Pittsburgh www.gatewayrehab.org
Info: Gateway Squirrel Hill Rehab

(215) 223-9460 Gaudenzia Broad Street Rehab Philadelphia www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Broad Street Rehab

(717) 561-0400 Gaudenzia Chambers Hill Adolescent Program Rehab Harrisburg www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Chambers Hill Adolescent Progr

(717) 238-5553 Gaudenzia Common Ground Rehab Harrisburg www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Common Ground Rehab

(215) 991-9700x202 Gaudenzia Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Center Rehab Philadelphia Info: Gaudenzia Diagnostic and Rehabilitation

(215) 991-9700 Gaudenzia DRC Rehab Philadelphia www.drcp.org
Info: Gaudenzia DRC Rehab

(814) 459-5853 Gaudenzia Erie Community House I Rehab Erie www.gaudenziaerie.org
Info: Gaudenzia Erie Community House I Rehab

(814) 459-5853 Gaudenzia Erie Community House II Rehab Erie www.gaudenziaerie.org
Info: Gaudenzia Erie Community House II Rehab

(814) 456-5758 Gaudenzia Erie Dr Daniel S Snow Halfway House for Men Rehab Erie www.gaudenziaerie.org
Info: Gaudenzia Erie Dr Daniel S Snow Halfway

(814) 459-4775 Gaudenzia Erie Inc Rehab Erie www.gaudenziaerie.org
Info: Gaudenzia Erie Inc Rehab

(814) 459-6304 Gaudenzia Erie Outpatient Rehab Erie www.gaudenziaerie.org
Info: Gaudenzia Erie Outpatient Rehab

(215) 477-0063 Gaudenzia Focus House Men with Co-occ Disorders Rehab Philadelphia www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Focus House Men with Co-occ Di

(570) 875-4700 Gaudenzia Fountain Springs Women Children Prog Rehab Ashland www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Fountain Springs Women Childre

(717) 233-3424 Gaudenzia Harrisburg Outpatient Services Rehab Harrisburg www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Harrisburg Outpatient Services

(610) 399-6929x217 Gaudenzia House West Chester Rehab West Chester www.gaudenzia.org/facilities/westchester.shtml
Info: Gaudenzia House West Chester Rehab

(570) 622-6485 Gaudenzia Inc Rehab Pottsville www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Inc Rehab

(610) 399-6571 Gaudenzia Kindred House Rehab West Chester www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Kindred House Rehab

(610) 279-4262 Gaudenzia Montgomery County Outpatient Rehab Norristown www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Montgomery County Outpatient R

(610) 429-1414 Gaudenzia Outpatient West Chester Rehab West Chester www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Outpatient West Chester Rehab

(215) 238-2150 Gaudenzia Outreach I Rehab Philadelphia www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Outreach I Rehab

(215) 413-8268x242 Gaudenzia People With Hope Rehab Philadelphia www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia People With Hope Rehab

(215) 438-5082 Gaudenzia Re-Entry House Rehab Philadelphia www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Re-Entry House Rehab

(570) 988-1901 Gaudenzia Sunbury Rehab Sunbury www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Sunbury Rehab

(215) 985-1200 Gaudenzia Washington House Rehab Philadelphia www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Washington House Rehab

(717) 766-8517 Gaudenzia West Shore Outpatient Rehab Mechanicsburg Info: Gaudenzia West Shore Outpatient Rehab

(215) 228-7977 Gaudenzia Winner Co-occurring Women and Children Program Rehab Philadelphia www.gaudenzia.org
Info: Gaudenzia Winner Co-occurring Women and

(717) 232-6981 Genesis House Harrisburg Rehab Harrisburg www.genesishouseoutpatient.com
Info: Genesis House Harrisburg Rehab

(570) 322-0520x3001 Genesis House Inc Williamsport Rehab Williamsport www.firetree.com
Info: Genesis House Inc Williamsport Rehab

(215) 978-8010 Genesis II Caton Village Rehab Philadelphia Info: Genesis II Caton Village Rehab

(814) 450-7293 George J Dowd Rehab Erie Info: George J Dowd Rehab

(724) 458-9330x2142 George Junior Republic Rehab Grove City www.georgejuniorrepublic.org
Info: George Junior Republic Rehab

(215) 787-2080 Girard Medical Center Goldman Clinic Rehab Philadelphia www.nphs.com
Info: Girard Medical Center Goldman Clinic Reh

(215) 787-2000 Girard Medical Center Seven and Nine Tower Return Program Rehab Philadelphia www.nphs.com
Info: Girard Medical Center Seven and Nine Tow

(215) 787-2000 Girard Medical Center Torre De La Raza Rehab Philadelphia www.nbhs.com
Info: Girard Medical Center Torre De La Raza R

(814) 864-4226 Glenbiegh Center of Erie Rehab Erie www.glenbeigh.com
Info: Glenbiegh Center of Erie Rehab

(215) 736-2861 Good Friends Inc Rehab Morrisville www.goodfriendsinc.org
Info: Good Friends Inc Rehab

(215) 456-1662x14 GPASS Safe Rehab Philadelphia www.gpasspa.org
Info: GPASS Safe Rehab

(724) 531-6930 Greenbriar Treatment Center Lighthouse for Men Rehab Washington www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center Lighthouse f

(724) 222-4753 Greenbriar Treatment Center Lighthouse for Women Rehab Washington www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center Lighthouse f

(412) 829-2103 Greenbriar Treatment Center Monroeville Rehab Pittsburgh www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center Monroeville

(724) 339-7180 Greenbriar Treatment Center New Kensington Rehab New Kensington www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center New Kensingt

(724) 916-0192 Greenbriar Treatment Center North Strabane Rehab Washington www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center North Straba

(724) 225-9700 Greenbriar Treatment Center Rehab Washington www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center Rehab

(412) 788-6292 Greenbriar Treatment Center Robinson Township Rehab Pittsburgh www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center Robinson Tow

(412) 885-7180 Greenbriar Treatment Center South Hills Rehab Brentwood www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center South Hills

(412) 421-4311 Greenbriar Treatment Center Squirrel Hill Rehab Pittsburgh www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center Squirrel Hil

(724) 934-8435 Greenbriar Treatment Center Wexford Rehab Wexford www.greenbriar.net
Info: Greenbriar Treatment Center Wexford Reha

(814) 337-7431 Greenfield Counseling Inc Rehab Meadville Info: Greenfield Counseling Inc Rehab

(717) 533-4312 Guidance Associates of Pennsylvania Hershey Rehab Hershey www.guidancepa.com
Info: Guidance Associates of Pennsylvania Hers

(717) 732-2917 Guidance Associates of Pennsylvania Rehab Camp Hill www.guidancepa.com
Info: Guidance Associates of Pennsylvania Reha

(215) 421-1634 Guidance for Growing Rehab Souderton Info: Guidance for Growing Rehab

(610) 481-0444 Habit Opco Allentown Rehab Allentown www.habitopco.com
Info: Habit Opco Allentown Rehab

(610) 970-5410 Habit Opco Pottstown Rehab Pottstown www.habitopco.com
Info: Habit Opco Pottstown Rehab

(570) 724-5272 Harbor Counseling Rehab Wellsboro www.harbor-counseling.org
Info: Harbor Counseling Rehab

(610) 847-2958 Healthy Responses in a Dysfunctional Society Rehab Quakertown www.healthyresponses.com
Info: Healthy Responses in a Dysfunctional Soc

(717) 626-9524 Hear Gate House for Men Rehab Lititz www.gatehouse.org
Info: Hear Gate House for Men Rehab

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(814) 623-7370 Recovery Concepts Addiction Counseling Services Inc Rehab Bedford Info: Recovery Concepts Addiction Counseling S

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(717) 533-7404 Timothy F Bennett Rehab Hershey Info: Timothy F Bennett Rehab

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(814) 437-1750x14 Turning Point Chemical Dependency Treatment Center Rehab Franklin www.turningpointtreatment.com
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(717) 560-7917 TW Ponessa and Associates Counseling Services Inc Rehab Lancaster www.twponessa.com
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Steroid Abuse Treatment

There is very little research on treatments for steroid abuse. Current medical treatment knowledge derives largely from the experiences of a small number of physicians who have worked with patients undergoing steroid withdrawal. Doctors have learned that, in general, supportive therapies combined with education about possible withdrawal symptoms are sufficient methods of treatment in some cases. Sometimes, medications can restore the balance of the hormonal system after its disruption by steroid abuse. If symptoms are severe or prolonged, abusers may need symptomatic medications or hospitalization.

Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice Populations

Findings show unequivocally that providing comprehensive drug abuse treatment to criminal offenders works, reducing both drug abuse and criminal recidivism. Given the swelling prison population, attributable in large part to offenses related to drug use accompanied by high rates of recidivism, it is a matter of public health and safety to make drug abuse treatment a key component of the criminal justice system. Addressing the treatment needs of substance abusing offenders is critical to reducing overall crime and other societal burdens related to drug abuse, such as lost job productivity.
Scientific research shows that drug abuse treatment can work even when an individual enters it under legal mandate. However, only a small percentage of those who need treatment actually receive it and often treatment itself is not sufficient. To be effective, treatment must begin in prison and continue after release by means of participation in community treatment programs. By engaging in an ongoing therapeutic process, people can learn how to avoid relapse and withdraw from a life of crime.

Drug Abuse Crime Connection

It is easy to see the connection between drug abuse and crime. Drug abuse is criminal in the following ways: drug possession or sales; to drug abuse e.g., stealing to get money for drugs; and a drug abuse lifestyle that predisposes the drug abuser to engage in illegal activity, like associating with other offenders or dealing in illicit markets. Individuals who use illicit drugs are more likely to commit crimes and it is common for individuals who had used drugs or alcohol to commit many offenses, including violent crimes.
After a nationally representative survey of state correctional agencies in 2005, Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ–DATS) investigators estimated that nearly 8 million adults were involved in the justice system (Taxman, Young, Wiersema, et al., 2007). Almost 5 million individuals are on probation or under parole supervision (Glaze and Bonczar, 2006; Taxman, Young, Wiersema, et al., 2007), with drug law violators accounting for the largest percentage of these parolees. The substance abuse or dependence rates of offenders are more than four times that of the general population (National Institute of Justice, 2003; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006). In a 2004 survey, the Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS estimated that about 53 percent of state and 45 percent of federal prisoners met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria for drug abuse or dependence (Mumola and Karberg, 2006). Of those surveyed, 14.8 percent of state and 17.4 percent of federal prisoners reported having drug treatment since admission (Mumola and Karberg, 2006). Juvenile justice systems also report high levels of drug abuse. A survey of juvenile detainees in 2000 found that about 56 percent of the boys and 40 percent of the girls tested positive for drug use at the time of arrest (National Institute of Justice, 2003).
Although there has been an increased interest in providing substance abuse treatment services for criminal justice offenders, in the last decade, only a small percentage of offenders have access to adequate services, especially in jails and community correctional facilities (Taxman, Perdoni and Harrison, 2007). Not only is there a gap in the availability of these services for offenders, but often there are few choices in the types of services provided. Treatment is of insufficient quality and intensity or is not well suited to the needs of offenders and may not yield meaningful reductions in drug use and recidivism. Untreated substance abusing offenders are more likely to relapse to drug abuse and return to criminal behavior than treated offenders. Relapse can bring about re-arrest and re-incarceration, jeopardizing public health and public safety and taxing criminal justice system resources. Treatment offers the best alternative for interrupting the drug abuse/criminal justice cycle for offenders with drug abuse problems.
Drug abuse treatment can be incorporated into criminal justice settings in a variety of ways. These include treatment as a condition of probation; drug courts that blend judicial monitoring and sanctions with treatment; treatment in prison followed by community-based treatment after release; and treatment under parole or probation supervision. Actual drug abuse treatment efficiency can benefit from the cross-agency coordination and collaboration of criminal justice professionals, substance abuse treatment providers and other social service agencies. By working together, the criminal justice and treatment systems can optimize resources to benefit the health, safety and wellbeing of the individuals and communities they serve.

Drug Addiction Affects Behavior

Drug addiction is a brain disease that affects behavior. Drug addiction has cognitive, behavioral and physiological characteristics that contribute to continued drugs use despite the harmful consequences. Scientists have found that chronic drug abuse alters the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and that these changes can last for months or years after the individual has stopped using drugs. This transformation may help explain why addicts are at a high risk of relapse to drug abuse even after long periods of abstinence and why addicts persist in seeking drugs despite deleterious consequences.

Treatment Helps Recovery

Recovery from drug addiction requires effective treatment, followed by management of the problem over time. Drug addiction is a serious problem that can be treated and managed throughout its course. Effective drug abuse treatment engages the participant in a therapeutic process, retains the user in treatment for an appropriate length of time and helps the addict learn to maintain abstinence over time. Addicts may require multiple episodes of treatment. Outcomes for drug abusing offenders in the community can be improved by monitoring drug use and by encouraging continued participation in treatment.

Effective Treatment Duration

Treatment must last long enough to produce stable behavioral changes. In treatment, the drug abuser is taught to break old patterns of thinking and behaving and to learn new skills for avoiding drug use and criminal behavior. Individuals with severe drug problems and co-occurring disorders typically need longer treatment e.g., a minimum of 3 months and more comprehensive services. Early in treatment, the drug abuser begins a therapeutic process of change. In later stages, the individual addresses other problems related to drug abuse and learns how to manage the problem.

Assessment is the First Step in Treatment

A history of drug or alcohol use may suggest the need for a specialist to conduct a comprehensive assessment to determine the nature and extent of the drug problems of an individual, and establish whether problems exist in other areas that may affect recovery and enable the formulation of an appropriate treatment plan. Personality disorders and other mental health problems are prevalent in offender populations. Comprehensive assessments should include mental health evaluations with treatment techniques that plan for these problems.

Services to Fit Criminal Needs

Tailoring services to fit the needs of the individual is an important part of effective drug abuse treatment for criminal justice populations. Individuals differ in terms of age, gender, ethnicity and culture, problem severity, recovery stage and level of supervision needed. Individuals also respond differently to different treatment approaches and treatment providers. In general, drug treatment should address issues of motivation, problem solving and skill-building for resisting drug use and criminal behavior. Lessons aimed at supplanting drug use and criminal activities with constructive activities and at understanding the consequences of behavior are important. Treatment interventions can facilitate the development of healthy interpersonal relationships and improve the ability of the participant to interact with family, peers and others in the community.

Monitoring Treatment of Criminal Drug Abusers

Specialists should carefully monitor drug abuser during treatment. Individuals trying to recover from drug addiction may experience a relapse or return to drug use. Triggers for drug relapse vary. Common triggers are mental stress and associations with peers and social situations linked to drug use. An undetected relapse can progress to serious drug abuse, but detected drug use can present opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Monitoring drug use through urinalysis or other objective methods, as part of treatment or criminal justice supervision, provides a basis for assessing and providing feedback on the treatment progress. It also provides opportunities for specialists to intervene to address unconstructive behavior. Specialists can determine rewards and sanctions to facilitate change and modify treatment plans according to progress.

Offender Target Factors

Drug abuse treatment should target factors that link to criminal behavior. Criminal thinking is a combination of attitudes and beliefs that support a criminal lifestyle and criminal behavior. Criminal thinking can include feelings of being entitled; feeling that criminal behavior is justified; failing to be responsible for actions; and consistently failing to anticipate or appreciate the consequences of behaviors. Criminal thinking is a pattern of thinking that often contributes to drug use and criminal behavior. Treatment that provides specific cognitive skills training to help individuals recognize errors in judgment that lead to drug abuse and criminal behavior may improve recovery from drug abuse.

Criminal Justice Supervision

Criminal justice supervision should incorporate treatment planning for drug abusing offenders and treatment providers should be aware of correctional supervision requirements. The coordination of drug abuse treatment with correctional planning can encourage participation in drug abuse treatment and can help treatment providers incorporate correctional requirements as treatment goals. Treatment providers should collaborate with criminal justice staff to evaluate individual treatment plans and ensure that each plan meets correctional supervision requirements, as well as to ensure the changing needs of each individual, which sometimes includes housing and childcare; medical, psychiatric and social support services; and vocational and employment assistance. For offenders with drug abuse problems, a treatment plan should incorporate the transition to community-based treatment and links to appropriate post-release services to improve the success of drug treatment and return to society. Abstinence requirements may necessitate a rapid clinical response, such as more counseling, targeted intervention or increased medication, in order to prevent relapse. Ongoing coordination between treatment providers and courts or parole and probation officers is important in addressing the complex needs of these individuals.

Continuity of Care

Continuity of care is essential for drug abusers re-entering the community. Drug users who complete treatment in prison and continue with treatment in the community have low relapse rates. Continuing drug abuse treatment helps released offender deal with problems that become relevant only after prison, such as learning to handle situations that could lead to relapse, learning how to live without drugs in the community and how to develop a peer support network. Treatment in prison or jail can begin a process of therapeutic change, resulting in reduced drug use and criminal behavior after incarceration. Continuing drug treatment in the community is essential to sustaining abstinence.

Balanced Approach

A balance of rewards and sanctions encourages positive social behavior and treatment participation. When providing correctional supervision of individuals participating in drug abuse treatment, it is important to reinforce positive behavior. Nonmonetary social rewards such as recognition for progress or sincere effort are effective, as are graduated sanctions that are consistent, predictable and clear responses to noncompliant behavior. Generally, treatment specialists implement less punitive responses for early and less serious noncompliance, with increasingly severe sanctions issued for continued problem behavior. Rewards and sanctions are most likely to have the desired effect when they are fair and when they swiftly follow the targeted behavior.

Co-Occurring Drug Abuse and Mental Health

Offenders with co-occurring drug abuse and mental health problems often require an integrated treatment approach. High rates of mental health problems are present in offender populations and in those with substance abuse problems. Drug abuse treatment can sometimes address depression, anxiety and other mental health problems. Personality, cognitive and other serious mental disorders can be difficult to treat and may disrupt drug treatment. The presence of co-occurring disorders may require an integrated approach that combines drug abuse treatment with psychiatric treatment, including the use of medication. A physician should assess Individuals with either a substance abuse or mental health problem for the presence of the other.

Medications for Drug Abuse

Medications are important parts of treatment for many drug abusing offenders. For heroin addiction, medicines such as methadone and buprenorphine help normalize brain function and individuals who may benefit from them should take them. Effective use of medications can be instrumental in enabling people with co-occurring mental health problems to function successfully in society. Behavioral strategies can increase adherence to medication regimens.

Chronic Conditions Prevention

Treatment planning for drug abusing offenders who are living in or returning the community should include strategies to prevent and treat serious, chronic medical conditions, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C and tuberculosis.
The rates of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, are higher in drug abusers, incarcerated offenders and offenders under community supervision than in the general population. Infectious diseases affect not just the offender, but also the criminal justice system and the wider community. Consistent with federal and state laws, offenders who have abused drugs should be tested for infectious diseases and receive counseling on health practices and on ways to modify risky behaviors. Probation and parole officers who monitor offenders with serious medical conditions should link them with appropriate healthcare services, encourage compliance with medical treatment and re-establish eligibility of the offender for public health services like Medicaid.

Offender Risk factors

Potential risk factors for released offenders include pressures from peers and family members to return to drug use and a criminal lifestyle. The tensions of daily life, like violent associates, few opportunities for legitimate employment, lack of safe housing, even the need to comply with correctional supervision conditions, can also create stressful situations that can precipitate a relapse to drug use.
Research on how drug abuse affects the brain promises to uncover more about the mechanics of brain changes and its relationship to drug addiction. Research also reveals that with effective drug abuse treatment, individuals can overcome persistent drug effects and lead healthy, productive lives.

Drug Abuse Treatment for Offenders

The case for treating drug abusing offenders is compelling. Drug abuse treatment improves the quality of life for drug abusing offenders and has beneficial effects for public health and safety. Effective treatment decreases future drug use and criminal behavior related to drug use, and can improve the relationships of the individual with family and may improve prospects for employment.
Outcomes for substance abusing individuals improve when criminal justice personnel work in tandem with treatment providers on drug abuse treatment needs and supervise patient requirements. Rehabilitation experts assess the treatment needs of the offender after arrest. Assessments often include substance abuse severity, mental health problems and physical health. Defense attorneys, prosecutors and judges need to work together during the prosecution and sentencing phases of the criminal justice process to determine suitable treatment programs that meet the needs of the offender. Through drug courts, diversion programs, pretrial release programs conditional on treatment and conditional probation with sanctions, the offender can participate in drug abuse treatment in the community while under criminal justice supervision. In some instances, the judge may recommend that the offender participate in treatment while serving jail or prison time or require it as part of continuing correctional supervision post release.

Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminals

Drug abuse treatment is an effective intervention for drug abusers, including those who are involved with the criminal justice system. However, the effectiveness of drug treatment depends on both the individual and the program and on whether interventions and treatment services are available and appropriate for the needs of the individual. To amend attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that support drug use, the drug abuser must engage in a therapeutic change process. Longitudinal outcome studies find that those who participate in drug abuse treatment programs in the community commit fewer crimes than those who do not participate.
A history of drug use does not indicate the need for drug abuse treatment. Offenders who meet drug dependence criteria should have higher priority for treatment than those who do not. Less intensive interventions, such as drug abuse education or self help participation, may be appropriate for those not meeting criteria for drug dependence.
Some drug abuse treatments programs tailor to the needs of juveniles. Some programs offer psychiatric treatment. All drug abuse treatment programs become more effective when criminal or cognitive behavioral criminal justice personnel work in tandem with treatment providers.
If drug abusers meet other criteria, low motivation to participate in treatment or to end drug abuse should not preclude access to treatment. Motivational enhancement interventions may be useful in these cases. Examples of motivation include motivational interviewing and contingency management techniques, which often provide tangible rewards.

Offender Legal Pressures

Legal pressure that encourages abstinence and treatment participation may also help individuals by improving retention and catalyzing longer treatment stays.
Drug abuse treatment is effective for offenders who have a history of serious and violent crime, particularly with intensive, targeted services. The economic benefits in avoided crime and costs to crime victims, like medical costs, lost earnings and loss in quality of life, may be substantial for these higher risk offenders. Treating them requires a high degree of coordination between drug abuse treatment providers and criminal justice personnel in order to ensure that the treatment and criminal genic meet the needs of the individual.

Legally Mandated Treatment

Often the criminal justice system can apply legal pressure to encourage offenders to participate in drug abuse treatment; or judges can mandate treatment through a drug court or as a condition of pretrial release, probation or parole. A large percentage of individuals admitted to drug abuse treatment cite legal pressure as an important reason for seeking treatment. Most studies suggest that outcomes for those who are legally pressured to enter treatment are as good as or better than outcomes for those who entered treatment without legal pressure. Those under legal pressure also tend to have higher attendance rates and to remain in treatment for longer periods, which can also have a positive impact on treatment outcomes.

Offender Risk Factors

Often, drug abusing offenders have problems in other areas. Examples include family difficulties, limited social skills, educational and employment problems, mental health disorders, infectious diseases and other medical problems. Treatment should take these problems into account, because they can increase the risk of drug relapse and criminal recidivism if left unaddressed.
Stress is often a contributing factor to relapse and offenders who enter society after incarceration face many challenges and stressors, including reuniting with family members, securing housing and complying with criminal justice supervision requirements. The daily decisions that most people face can be stressful for those recently released from a prison environment.
Other threats to recovery include a loss of support from family or friends. Drug abusers returning to the community may also encounter family, friends or associates still involved in drugs or crime. These people may entice the individual to resume a criminal and drug using lifestyle. Returning to environments or activities associated with prior drug use may trigger strong cravings and cause a relapse. A coordinated approach by treatment and criminal justice staff provides the best way to detect and intervene with these and other threats to recovery. In any case, treatment provides the skills necessary to avoid or cope with situations that could lead to relapse.
Treatment staff should identify the unique relapse risk factors of every offender and periodically re-assess and modify treatment plans as needed. Generally, continuing or recurring drug use during treatment requires a clinical response by either increasing the dosage or level of treatment or changing the treatment intervention.

Health Services Criminal Abusers

One of the goals of treatment planning is to match interventions to individual needs at each stage of drug treatment. Over time, individuals may need various combinations of treatment services. Evidence-based interventions include: cognitive behavioral therapy to help participants learn positive social and coping skills; contingency management approaches to reinforce positive behavioral change; and motivational enhancement to increase treatment engagement and retention. In those addicted to opioid drugs, agonist or partial agonist medications can also help normalize brain function and antagonist medications can facilitate abstinence. For juvenile offenders, treatments that involve the family and other aspects of the drug abuser environment show efficacy.
Drug abuse treatment plans for incarcerated offenders can anticipate the eventual return of the individual to the community by incorporating relevant transition plans and services. Drug abuser treatment often includes mental and physical health services; family counseling; parenting, educational and vocational services, and is crucial components of successful treatment. Case management approaches provide assistance in obtaining drug abuse treatment and community services.

Offender Treatment Duration

While individuals progress through drug abuse treatment at different rates, one of the most reliable findings in treatment research is that length of treatment relates directly to lasting reductions in criminal activity and drug abuse. Generally, better outcomes occur from treatment lasting longer than 90 days, with the greatest reductions in drug abuse and criminal behavior accruing to those who complete treatment. Again, legal pressure can improve retention rates.
A longer continuum of treatment is best for individuals with severe or multiple problems. Research shows that participation in a therapeutic community in prison followed by treatment in the community after prison release can reduce the risk of recidivism to criminal behavior as well as relapse to drug use.

Offender Relapse

Because addiction is a chronic disease, drug relapses and returns to treatment are common features of the path to recovery, so treatment should extend over a long period of time and across multiple episodes of care. Individuals with the most severe problems can participate in treatment and achieve positive outcomes.

Rewards and Sanctions in Offender Treatment

The systematic application of behavioral management principles that underscore reward and punishment can help individuals reduce drug use and criminal behavior. Rewards and sanctions change behavior when they follow targeted behavior, swiftly and fairly. It is important to recognize and force progress toward abstinent behavior. Rewarding positively toward responsible, behavior is more effective in producing abstinent behavior. Long term positive change is better than punishing negative behavior. Nonmonetary rewards such as social recognition can be as effective as monetary rewards. A graduated range of rewards given for meeting predetermined goals can be an effective strategy.
In recovery treatments in the community, contingency management strategies use incentives or rewards, like vouchers or bus tokens, to reinforce abstinence measured by negative drug tests or to shape progress toward other treatment goals, such as program session attendance or compliance with medication regimens. Contingency management is most effective when the contingent reward closely follows the behavior monitored. Graduated sanctions, which invoke less punitive responses for early and less serious noncompliance and increasingly severe sanctions for more serious or continuing problems, are effective tools in conjunction with drug testing. The effective use of graduated sanctions involves consistent, predictable and clear responses to noncompliant behavior.

Drug Testing

Drug testing can determine when an individual is having difficulties with recovery. The first response to drug use is clinical and detected through urinalysis and results in an increase in treatment intensity or a change to an alternative treatment. This often requires coordination between the criminal justice staff and the treatment provider. A more intensive treatment approach should not be a sanction, but rather a routine progression in healthcare practice when a treatment appears less effective than expected.
Behavioral contracting can employ both rewards and sanctions. A behavioral contract is an explicit agreement between the participant and the treatment provider or criminal justice monitor or among all three. A behavioral contract specifies proscribed behaviors and associated sanctions, as well as positive goals and rewards for success. Behavioral contracting can instill a sense of procedural justice because both the necessary steps toward progress and the sanctions for violating the contract are specific and understood in advance.

Treatment Medications

Medications can be an important component of effective drug abuse treatment for offenders. By allowing the body to function normally, prescription medications enable the addict to leave behind a life of crime and drug abuse. For example, opioid agonist and partial agonist medications, which act at the same receptors as heroin, morphine and natural brain endorphins, are effective at helping an individual remain in treatment. Antagonist medications, which work by blocking the effects of a drug, are effective but patients do not often take the drugs regularly. Despite evidence of the effectiveness of medicines, doctors prescribe addiction medications but patients underutilize them in the treatment of drug abusers within the criminal justice system. Still, some jurisdictions have found ways to successfully implement medication therapy for drug abusing offenders.

Opiates Heroin

Long term opiate abuse results in a desensitization of the opiate receptors to endorphins in the brain. Endorphins are natural opioids in the body. Methadone acts on the same receptors as the natural endorphins, stabilizing the craving that otherwise results in compulsive use of heroin or other illicit opiates. Methadone effectively reduces opiate use, criminal behavior related to drugs and risky HIV behaviors. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist and acts on the same receptors as morphine, a full agonist, but without producing the same level of dependence or withdrawal symptoms. Suboxone® is a unique formulation of buprenorphine that contains naloxone, an opioid antagonist, which limits diversion by causing severe withdrawal symptoms in those who inject it to get high, but has no adverse effects when taken orally, as prescribed. Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, blocks the effects of opiates.

Alcohol

Disulfiram also known as Antabuse is an aversion therapy that induces nausea when a person consumes alcohol. Acamprosate works by restoring normal balance to the glutamate neurotransmitter system in the brain, helping to reduce alcohol cravings. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the use of Naltrexone, which blocks some of the pleasurable effects of alcohol.

Infectious Diseases among Drug Abusing Offenders

It is critical for the criminal justice and drug abuse treatment systems to work together and combine efforts to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, which occur at higher rates among drug abusers in the criminal justice system than among the general population. The prevalence of AIDS is approximately five times higher among incarcerated offenders than in the general population. In addition, individuals in the criminal justice system represent a significant portion of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and tuberculosis cases in the United States. Although most people contract infectious diseases in the community and not in correctional settings, the correctional setting must treat these infectious diseases once diagnosed.
Infectious diseases among offenders who re-enter or live within the community present a serious public health challenge. While incarcerated, offenders often have access to adequate healthcare, which offers opportunities for integrating strategies to address medical, mental health and drug abuse problems. Doctors should link offenders with infectious diseases who return to the community with medical care facilities within the community before release. Community health, drug treatment and criminal justice agencies should work together to offer education, screening, counseling, prevention and treatment programs for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other infectious diseases to offenders in or returning to the community. Drug abuse treatment can decrease the spread of infectious disease by reducing risky behaviors such as needle sharing and unprotected sex.
The need to negotiate access to health services and adhere to complex treatment protocols places a large burden on the addicted offender and many offenders fall through the cracks. Untreated or deteriorating medical or mental health problems increase the risk of relapse to drug abuse and to possible arrest and incarceration, again.

Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders

It is important to adequately assess mental disorders and to address these diseases as part of effective drug abuse treatment. Specialists can address many types of mental health problems in standard drug abuse treatment programs. However, individuals with serious mental disorders may require an integrated treatment approach designed for treating patients with co-occurring mental health problems and substance use disorders. Although not readily available, specialized therapeutic community Mentally Ill Chemical Abuser programs (MICA) attend to patients with co-occurring mental and addictive problems.
Science has progressed by developing effective medications for treating mental disorders, including a number of antidepressants, anti anxiety agents, mood stabilizers and antipsychotics. These medications may be critical for treatment success in offenders who have co-occurring mental disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be effective for treating some mental health problems, particularly when combined with medications. Contingency management can improve adherence to medications and intensive case management is useful for linking severely mentally ill individuals with drug abuse treatment, mental health care and community services.

Drug Abuse Treatment to Offenders Return on Investment (ROI)

In 2002, the estimated cost to society of drug abuse was $180.9 billion (Office of National Drug Control Policy [ONDCP], 2004), $107.8 billion related to crime related to drugs, including criminal justice system costs and costs borne by victims of crime. The cost of treating drug abuse including research, training and prevention efforts is about $15.8 billion, a fraction of these overall societal costs (ONDCP, 2004).
Drug abuse treatment is cost effective in reducing drug use and bringing about associated healthcare, crime and incarceration cost savings. Positive net economic benefits are consistently found for drug abuse treatment across various settings and populations. The largest economic benefit of treatment is in avoided costs of crime, incarceration and victimization costs, with greater economic benefits resulting from treating offenders with co-occurring mental health problems and substance use disorders. Residential prison treatment is more cost effective if offenders attend treatment after release, according to research (Martin, Butzin, Saum and Inciardi, 1999). Drug courts also convey positive economic benefits, including allowing participants to earn wages and avoid incarceration and future crime costs.
Incarcerated women have high rates of substance abuse, mental disorders and other health problems.

Treatment Needs for Women in the Criminal Justice System

Although women face incarceration at far lower rates than men, the number and percentage of incarcerated women have grown substantially in recent years. Between 1995 and 2005, the number of men in prisons and jails grew by about a third, while the number of incarcerated women more than doubled (Harrison and Beck, 2006). Women in prison are likely to have a different set of problems and needs than men, which present particular treatment challenges. For example, compared to incarcerated men, incarcerated women in treatment are significantly more likely to have severe substance abuse histories, as well as physical health and psychological problems (Messing, Burdon, Hagopian and Prendergast, 2006). Approximately 50 percent of female offenders are likely to have histories of physical or sexual abuse. Women are also more likely than men to be victims of domestic violence. Past or current victimization can contribute to drug or alcohol abuse, depression, post traumatic stress disorder and criminal activity.
Treatment programs serving both men and women offer effective treatment for female clients. However, programs specific to each gender may be more effective for female offenders, particularly those with histories of trauma and abuse. Female offenders are more likely to need medical and mental health services, childcare services and assistance in finding housing and employment. Following a comprehensive assessment, women with mental health disorders should receive appropriate treatment and case management, including victim services as needed. For female offenders with children, parental responsibilities can conflict with the ability to participate in drug treatment. Regaining or retaining custody of children can also motivate mothers to participate in treatment. Treatment programs may improve retention by offering childcare services and parenting classes.

Juveniles Abusers in the Criminal Justice System

In recent years, there number of juveniles with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal and juvenile justice systems is up. From 1986 to 1996, juvenile incarcerations related to drug use increased nearly threefold. In 2002, about 60 percent of detained boys and nearly half of the girls tested positive for drug use. One study found that about one-half of both male and female juvenile detainees met criteria for a substance use disorder (Teplin, Abram, McClelland, et al., 2002). Juveniles entering the criminal justice system can bring a number of serious issues with them including: substance abuse; academic failure; emotional disturbances; physical health issues; family problems and a history of physical or sexual abuse. Girls make up nearly a third of juvenile arrests, a high percentage report some form of emotional, physical or sexual abuse. Effectively addressing these issues requires the juvenile gaining access to comprehensive assessment, treatment, case management and support services that are age and developmentally appropriate. Assessment is particularly important, because not all adolescents who use drugs need treatment. For those who do, there are several points in the juvenile justice continuum where treatment is available, including juvenile drug courts, supervision within the community and juvenile detention.
Families play an important role in the recovery of substance abusing juveniles, but this influence can be positive or negative. Parental substance abuse or criminal involvement, physical or sexual abuse by family members and lack of parental involvement or supervision are all risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and delinquent behavior. Thus, the effective treatment of juvenile substance abusers often requires a treatment model that targets family functioning and the increased involvement of family members. Effective adolescent treatment approaches include multi-systemic therapy, multidimensional family therapy and functional family therapy. These interventions show promise in strengthening families and decreasing juvenile substance abuse and delinquent behavior.